Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pose significant challenges
in Nigerian healthcare facilities, exacerbated by inadequate infection control measures. Despite
efforts by the National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), the implementation of infection prevention
and control (IPC) measures remains suboptimal, as evidenced by Nigeria’s Joint External Evaluations
(JEE) IPC score. A system-thinking approach is essential to address the interconnected challenges in
the healthcare system, including governance, human resources for health (HRH), and health
information. It recognizes that IPC is not a standalone programme but deeply interconnected with the
broader healthcare system.